Astana ni wo Murwa Mukuru wa kabiri ukonja kurusha indi ku Isi, inyuma ya Ulaanbaatar, Umurwa Mukuru wa Mongolia.
Ujya wibwira ko u Rwanda ruri kure y'inyanja, kandi ni byo kuko ruri mu birometero bibarirwa hagati ya 1250 na 1400 ngo ugere ku Nyanja y'Abahinde cyangwa Atlantique. Ariko uvuga aba atarabona kuko umuturage wa Kazakhstan ushaka kugera ku nyanja, bimusaba gukora urugendo rw'ibilometero birenga 1,500.
Iki ni cyo gihugu cya mbere ku Isi kiri kure y'inyanja, kikaba icya mbere ku Isi kinini mu bidakora ku nyanja. Ni igihugu cya cyenda kinini ku Isi, kikaba icya 17 kidatuwe cyane kurusha ibindi kuko ku buso bwa kilometero kare bungana na 2.724.900, iki gihugu gituwe n'abaturage miliyoni 20 gusa, ari na bwo bwa mbere gituwe n'abaturage benshi mu mateka yacyo.
Ni igihugu gikubye u Rwanda inshuro 103, gusa mu 2050 ibihugu byombi bizaba biyingayingana mu mubare w'abaturage kuko icyo gihe, iteganyamibare ryerekana ko Kazakhstan izaba ituwe na miliyoni 24, u Rwanda rukazaba rugeze ku barenga miliyoni 22.
Magingo aya, umugore umwe muri Kazakhstan abarirwa abana 3.3, umubare uri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'ibindi bihugu bituranye na yo, cyane cyane ibyahoze bigize Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyete.
Icyakora nubwo umubare w'abana bavuka uri hejuru, umubare w'abaturage uracyari hasi cyane ugereranyije n'ubuso bw'igihugu, kiza ku mwanya wa mbere ku Isi mu kugira ubutaka bwera, kandi bunini ku muturage umwe.
Muri rusange, ubutaka bwera cyane muri iki gihugu bungana na 11% by'ubuso bwose bw'igihugu, gusa iki gice ubwacyo kiruta u Bwongereza bwose nk'igihugu gituyemo abarenga miliyoni 60.
Ibi birushaho gutera impungenge iyo utekereje ibihugu nka Uzbekistan ituranye na Kazakhstan, ikagira abaturage miliyoni 35 nyamara ifite ubuso buri munsi ya 20% by'ubwa Kazakhstan.
Amateka avuna umugongo
Abaturage ba Kazakhstan, bazwi nka Kazakhstani, babonye byinshi. Kuva ku nzara yahitanye za miliyoni, gutotezwa n'amahanga, kubana n'ingaruka z'ibisasu kirimbuzi, kubura amazi mu gihugu cyabo, kwamburwa ubutaka, amatungo n'uburenganzira, imyaka 100 muri iki gihugu yabaye iy'umusaraba mu buryo bugoye kubwiyumvisha.
Menshi muri aya mateka afitanye isano n'ubutegetsi bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyete.
Ahagana mu kinyejana cya 15, u Burusiya bwari bumaze kuba igihugu cyihagazeho, gifite amarere, gishaka kwaguka, kigafata ubutaka bunini.
Mu Majyepfo y'icyo gihugu, mu gace kari mu twa mbere dufite ubutaka bwera cyane ku Isi, Abarusiya baramanutse, barenga imisozi n'ibibaya bizwi nka Kazakh, binjira mu gace batari bamenyereye, kari gatuyemo abantu bihariye, bafite izina, ururimi, ubwoko n'umuco wabo.
Abantu basanze aha hantu, bari bazwi nk'Aba-Kazakh, igihugu cyabo kikitwa Kazakh Khanate. Bari batuye hagati y'amazi magari azwi nka 'Caspian Sea' n'imisozi ya Tian Shan mu Burasirazuba. Ni abantu bari batunzwe n'imirimo irimo uburobyi n'ubworozi ndetse n'ubuhinzi.
Aka gace keraga cyane, kari mu bibazo byo kugabwaho ibitero impande zose, cyane cyane Aba-Mongolia bari bafite imbaraga zidasanzwe muri icyo gihe.
Bamwe mu bayobozi ba Khazan bahisemo kwiyunga ku Burusiya, kugira ngo buzabarinde ibitero by'abanyamahanga. U Burusiya bwabakiranye yombi, bugenda bwinjira mu buzima bwabo gahoro gahoro, bijya kugera mu kinyejana cya 19 bagenzura ibintu byose, kuva kuri dipolomasi, igisirikare, imiturire n'ibindi.
Uku kwigarurira agace kabo, byarakaje bamwe mu baturage b'Aba-Khazan, batangiza imyigaragambyo karundura yatangijwe n'umugabo uzwi nka Kenesary Khan. Abarusiya bayisenye bakoresheje imbaraga z'umurengera, batangira no kubona ko ba bantu bitonda, bashobora kuzagira gutya bakigaragambya.
Mu rwego rwo guhangana n'iki kibazo, ubuyobozi bw'u Burusiya bwatangiye gukora amavugurura, bukajya bwimura abaturage bavuye mu bice by'u Burusiya na Ukraine, bakajya gutuzwa muri Kazakhstan.
Uko Abarusiya bazaga gutura ari benshi, ubutaka bwo kororeraho bw'Aba-Khazan bwarushagaho kugabanyuka, bityo ntihabeho kumvikana hagati y'impande zombi.
Mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi, Abarusiya bahatiye Aba-Khazan kujya kubafasha kurwana, barabyanga, barigaragambya. Umwami w'u Burusiya ntiyabihanganiye kuko hakoreshejwe imbaraga z'umurengera mu guhangana na bo, ababarirwa hagati y'ibihumbi 100 na 270 bahasiga ubuzima.
Mu mwaka wakurikiyeho, mu Burusiya habaye imyigaragambyo yatumye Ubwami buvaho, hatangira Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyete. Hagati ya 1917 na 1922, Kazakhstan yari igihugu kitagengwa n'u Burusiya, gusa intambara yahuje abashakaga ubwigenge n'abari bashyigikiye u Burusiya yahitanye abari hagati y'ibihumbi 400 n'ibihumbi 750.
Muri rusange, hejuru 10% by'abaturage bafite inkomoko mu bwoko bwa Khazan, bapfiriye muri izi ntambara.
Mu 1922, u Burusiya bwari bumaze kugaruka buyobowe na Vladimir Lenin bwongeye kubura amaso, feri ya mbere buyifatira muri Kazakhstan, bwongera kugira ijambo rikomeye muri icyo gihugu, bunashyiraho imiyoborere neza neza nk'iyo bwagenderagaho muri iyo myaka.
Inzara yoretse ingogo
U Burusiya bukigaruka muri Kazakhstan, bwakomeje gushyira imbaraga muri gahunda yo kwimura Abarusiya bakaza gutuzwa muri icyo gihugu, ari na ko byagendaga ku Banya-Ukraine, icyo gihe yari mu maboko y'u Burusiya.
Ibi byarimo kuba mu gihe Abanya-Khazakhstan bari barimo kugabanuka kuko abataraguye mu ntambara bahunze, ku buryo mu ibarura rusange ryakozwe mu 1926, Abanya-Khazakhstan bari bagize 58,5% by'abaturage bose b'icyo gihugu, nyamara barahoze ari 100% mbere y'uko Abarusiya bagera mu gihugu cyabo.
Ku rundi ruhande, umubare w'abandi baturage bavuye mu bindi bihugu warushagaho kwiyongera, aho nk'Abarusiya bazanywe muri icyo gihugu bari bamaze kugera kuri 21% na 14% baturuka muri Ukraine.
Muri make, igihugu cyari kirimo gutakaza umwimerere wacyo.
Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, ahagana mu 1936, u Burusiya bwatangije gahunda y'ubuhinzi, yari igamije kongera umusaruro muri icyo gihugu.
Uko abaturage benshi bafite inkomoko mu Burusiya barushagaho gutura muri Kazakhstan, ni ko Leta y'u Burusiya yarushagaho gufata icyo gihugu nk'igice cyayo. Zimwe muri izo ngamba, harimo ibijyanye no kongera umusaruro w'ubuhinzi.
Aya mavugurura yategetse abaturage ba Kazakhstan kujya batanga 30% by'umusaruro wabo, ari na ko byagendaga kuri 30% by'ibikomoka ku matungo. Ibi byajyanwaga mu bindi bice birimo u Burusiya, gusa bigasiga abaturage bahinze bakanorora mu byago bikomeye kuko baburaga ibyo kurya.
Ibi kandi byajyanaga n'uko abaturage basabwaga guhinga igihingwa kimwe, agace katabyubahirije, cyangwa se katagejeje ku musaruro kasabwe, kakabuzwa gukorana ubucuruzi n'utundi duce.
Ibi byavuyemo inzara karundura yatumye abarenga ibihumbi 600 bahungira mu bihugu birimo u Bushinwa na Mongolia.
Hagati ya 1926 na 1937, Abarusiya batuye muri Kazakhstan bariyongereye, bava kuri 21% by'abaturage bose b'igihugu, bagera kuri 40%, mu gihe Abanya-Kazakhstan bo bagabanyutse, bava kuri 58.5% bagera kuri 38%. Muri make, icyo gihe bari bake mu gihugu kibitirirwa, ikintu cyari gitandukanye n'uko ibintu byari bimeze ahandi.
Stalin yahemutse akomeje
Mu 1941, u Budage bwagabye igitero kuri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyete. Icyo gihe, hari abaturage bagera ku bihumbi 660 bari bafite inkomoko mu Budage, ariko batuye mu Burusiya, mu gace ka Volga kegeranye na Kazakhstan. Joseph Stalin yahise yohereza abarenga ibihumbi 400 muri Kazakhstan, abandi basubira iwabo.
Ku rundi ruhande, abaturage ba Kazakhstan basabwe kujya kurwana mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi, abagera ku bihumbi 600 bahasiga ubuzima. Aba bari 10.7% by'Abanya-Khazan muri rusange.
Byageze mu 1959, ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko abaturage bafite inkomoko mu Budage bari 7% by'abaturage bose ba Kazakhstan, bigera mu 1989 bamaze kurenga miliyoni.
Mu 1959, abaturage bafite inkomoko muri Kazakhstan bari bamaze kugera kuri 30% gusa, abafite inkomoko mu Burusiya barenga 43% na 8% bafite inkomoko muri Ukraine.
Nyuma gato y'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi, u Burusiya bwari mu isiganwa ryo gukora intwaro kirimbuzi, ndetse mu 1949 butangira kuzigerageza. Kazakhstan ni yo yatoranyijwe kugira ngo ijye ikorerwamo igerageza ry'intwaro kirimbuzi.
Ibi bikorwa byakorerwaga mu gace ka Semipalatinsk, kajya kungana n'u Bubiligi. Hagati ya 1949 na 1989, muri aka gace hakorewe amagerageza y'intwaro kirimbuzi angana na 456, hafi 25% by'amagerageza yose yakozwe muri icyo gihe.
Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko abarenga miliyoni 1,5 bagizweho ingaruka n'ibyo bikorwa by'igerageza, cyane ko byakorwaga mu buryo budakurikije amabwiriza yo kwita ku bidukikije.
Amazi yahindutse ubutayu
Ikiyaga cya Aral cyahoze muri bitanu bya mbere binini mu myaka ya 1960, kiruta u Rwanda inshuro zirenga ebyiri, kiri hagati ya Kazakhstan na Uzbekistan.
Imigezi ya Amu Darya na Syr Darya ni yo yagaburiraga icyo Kiyaga, na yo igaturuka mu misozi ya Pamir na Tian Shan. Urubura rwo muri iyi misozi ni rwo rubyara amazi agaburira Ikiyaga cya Aral.
Iyo Izuba rivuye, amazi ya Aral ahinduka umwuka akazamuka mu kirere (evaporation), umuyaga ukayatwara uyaganisha mu gice cy'imisozi ya Pamir na Tian Shan, aho agera akongera akaba imvura, igwa muri rwa rubura, bikarema amazi agaburira imigezi ya Amu Darya na Syr Darya, na yo akongera kujya kurema Ikiyaga cya Aral.
Ibi ni ko byagendaga mu myaka myinshi ishize, gusa mu 1960, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyete yashatse kongera umusaruro w'ibinyampeke ndetse n'ibireti.
Ubu buhinzi bukenera amazi menshi, kandi yagombaga guturuka mu migezi ya Amu Darya na Syr Darya, aho amazi yayo yayobejwe, ajyanwa mu mirima hirya no hino.
Uko ingano y'amazi y'iyi migezi yagabanukaga, ni na ko ingano y'amazi y'Ikiyaga cya Aral yagabanukaga, biza kurangira cya Kiyaga gitangiye gukama, ubu kikaba kimaze gutakaza hejuru ya 90% by'amazi cyari gifite. Mu 1960, hakorerwaga ubworozi butanga umusaruro wa toni 43, magingo aya nta mafi akibonekamo.
Ingano y'umunyu uri mu mazi make asigaye ikubye gatatu ingano yo mu nyanja, ibituma bidashoboka ko amafi yahaba.
Ahari aya mazi, hahoze hanubatse icyambu, ubu hahindutse ubutayu bwiswe Aralkum. Wa muyaga wahoze ujyana ibicu byakomotse ku mazi yahindutse umwuka, ubu bisigaye bijyana umukungugu wahoze ahari Ikiyaga cya Aral, akaba ari wo ashyitsa muri ya misozi ya Pamir na Tian Shan.
Ibi bituma rwa rubura ruri kuri iyo misozi rudashobora kurema amazi, ndetse rukaba ruri gushira ku kigero giteye ubwoba, aho umuvuduko rugabanukaho wiyongereyeho 12% ku mwaka, ugereranyije na mbere y'uko amazi y'Ikiyaga cya Aral atangira gukama.
Uyu mukungugu kandi wangiza ibihingwa biri mu nzira ucamo, ukanduza amazi n'ibindi bitandukanye. Muri rusange ibi byose byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku ihindagurika ry'ibihe n'imiterere y'ubutaka.
Izanzamuka rihutiyeho
Kazakhstan ni igihugu cyavuye ahakomeye, kirazanzamuka. Nyuma y'isenyuka rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe bw'Abasoviyete, Kazakhstan yahuye n'ibibazo birimo ibishingiye ku bukungu bwaguye ku rwego rukomeye.
Perezida wayoboraga Kazakhstan kuva yabona ubwigenge kugeza mu 2019, Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev, yashyizeho ingamba zigamije guteza imbere ubukungu n'imibereho myiza.
Kuva iki gihugu cyabona ubwigenge, kimaze kwakira ishoramari rirenga miliyari 376$ zashowe cyane mu rwego rwo kubyaza umusaruro umutungo kamere w'igihugu, angana na 70% by'ayashowe yose muri Aziya yo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati.
Iki gihugu kiza ku mwanya wa mbere mu kohereza uranium nyinshi ku Isi, ingana na 40% by'icuruzwa yose. Ku rundi ruhande Kazakhstan iza mu bihugu bya mbere bifite amariba ya peteroli aho kiri ku mwanya wa 12 mu kugira peteroli nyinshi n'icya 14 mu kugira gaz nyinshi ku Isi.
Mu 2024, umuturage umwe wa Kazakhstan yinjizaga nibura 14,778$ ku mwaka, ibituma iki gihugu kiza mu bihugu bifite ubukungu buciriritse, gusa buzamuka ku muvuduko mwiza kuko mu 2024 bwazamutse ku kigero cya 4,8% na 5,1%.
Izamuka ry'ubukungu rinajyana n'iterambere ry'abaturage aho umugore umwe muri Kazakhstan abarirwa abana 3.3, igipimo kiri ku rwego rwiza kuko umubare w'abaturage uzakomeza kuzamuka, ukazagera kuri miliyoni 24 mu 2050.
Muri uwo mwaka kandi, Kazakhstan ifite intego yo kuzaba iri mu bihugu 30 bya mbere bikize ku Isi, gusa kugera kuri iyi ntego bizasaba imbaraga nyinshi, zirimo no kugabanya uburyo ishingira cyane ku bikomoka kuri peteroli, dore ko itanga 30% by'imisoro y'igihugu na 50% by'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga.
Muri rusange, peteroli na gaz bigira uruhare rungana na 35% ku musaruro mbumbe w'igihugu, bikagira uruhare rwa 75% rw'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga byose.
Impuzandengo y'abaturage b'iki gihugu ni imyaka 25, bisobanuye ko ari igihugu cy'abaturage bato, bafite amahirwe yo kuzakora cyane mu myaka iri imbere.
Ntabwo ari abaturage bato gusa, kuko abari hejuru ya 98% bazi gusoma no kwandika, ibibahesha amahirwe mu Isi iri ku muvuduko uri hejuru mu iterambere. Iki gihugu kiri mu bya mbere ku Isi bifite umubare uri hejuru w'abazi gusoma no kwandika.
Mu bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo, Kazakhstan yasuwe n'abarenga miliyoni 15 utabariyemo abagiye muri icyo gihugu mu kazi, cyangwa se guturayo mu buryo buhorayo. Aba basigiye ubukungu bw'icyo gihugu arenga miliyari 2.6$ yinjiye avuye mu bukerarugendo mu 2024, inyongera ya 20% ugereranyije n'umwaka wari wabanje.
Kubera umutekano n'iterambere, abaturage barenga miliyoni imwe bafite inkomoko muri Kazakhstan ariko bari barahungiye mu bindi bihugu, bamaze kugaruka iwabo, ubu bakaba bagize hafi 6% by'abaturage bose b'igihugu.
Iyi ni ingingo gihuriyeho n'ibihugu byinshi bya Afurika, Umugabane cyifuza gutsura umubano na wo ku rwego rufatika. Mu myaka 10 ishize, iki gihugu cyarushijeho kureba cyane uyu mugabane, ndetse uruzinduko rwa mbere rwa Perezida w'icyo gihugu rwabereye muri Afurika y'Epfo mu 2016 ubwo yasuraga icyo gihugu.
Perezida Paul Kagame yasuye icyo gihugu, aho yakurikiye isinywa ry'amasezerano menshi hagati yacyo n'u Rwanda, ari kumwe na mugenzi we, Perezida Kassym-Jomart Kemeluly Tokayev.
Amasezerano yasinywe n'impande zombi yibanze nzego zirimo ibya dipolomasi, ikoranabuhanga, uburezi, ubuhinzi, ibijyanye n'imari ndetse n'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro.
Harimo kandi ubufatanye mu gukora ubushakashatsi mu Isanzure, aho Perezida Kagame yanasuye Ikigo gikora ibijyanye n'Isanzure muri Kazakhstan, National Space Center.
Iki gihugu giteye imbere muri iki cyiciro, dore ko ari na ho hari ahantu ha mbere hahagurukiwe na Yuri Gagarin, umuntu wa mbere ku Isi wagiye mu Isanzure, hazwi nka Baikonur Cosmodrome mu 1961. Icyo gihe, iki gihugu cyari kikiri igice cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyete.
Mu Murwa Mukuru w'iki gihugu, Astana, wahoze witwa Nur-Sultan hagati ya 2019 na 2022, ukaba waremejwe nk'Umurwa Mukuru w'Igihugu mu 1997, ibituma uba umwe mu mirwa mikuru mito ku Isi.
Uyu Mujyi kandi wigeze gutunga amazina nka Akmolinsk, Tselinograd na Akmola. Bamwe mu basura Astana, bakunze kuyigaragaza nk'ahantu hatangaje, kandi ni mu gihe kuko uyu Mujyi wubatse mu kibaya cya Kazakh, kimwe mu bibaya binini ku Isi kandi birambuye, nta kintu cyitambika hagati.
Ni Umujyi mugari cyane, kandi udatuwe. Gutembera mu bice bimwe na bimwe byawo ushobora gukeka ko turi mu bihe bya Covid-19 kubera uburyo ushobora no kwisanga mu mihanda migari cyane kandi wenyine.
Umutekano ni ikintu cy'ingenzi muri iki gihugu, ibikorwaremezo bikaba mu bishya biri kubakwa mu gace iki gihugu giherereyemo. Inyubako nka Nurzhol Boulevard , Palace of Peace and Reconciliation, Bayterek Tower na Khan Shatyr ni zimwe mu zizwi cyane muri uyu Mujyi bitewe n'uburyo butangaje zubatsemo.
Gusa uretse inyubako nshya kandi zigezweho, Astana ni ishusho y'amateka kuko henshi muri uyu Mujyi uhasanga inyubako zifite ishusho nk'iy'inyubako z'i Moscow mu Burusiya, imbuga ngari ziharanga n'ibindi byerekana ko u Burusiya bwigeze kugira ijambo muri iki gihugu.
Magingo aya, umubano w'u Burusiya na Kazakhstan ntabwo woroshye. Iki gihugu ni cyo cya kabiri kibamo abaturage benshi bafite inkomoko mu Burusiya, ariko badatuye mu Burusiya. Muri Kazakhstan hari abarenga miliyoni eshatu bafite inkomoko mu Burusiya, inyuma ya Ukraine ifite abarenga miliyoni umunani.
Dipolomasi idadiye
Mu 2022, Dmitry Medvedev wigeze kuyobora u Burusiya yaciye igikuba, avuga ko Abarusiya ari bo ba mbere batuye mu Majyaruguru ya Kazakhstan, ari na ho benshi bagituye magingo aya.
Uyu mugabo yanditse ko Kazakhstan atari igihugu cyujuje ibisabwa, ndetse ko ibice bimwe by'icyo gihugu byahoze ari ibice by'u Burusiya. Aya magambo yakanze abaturage ba Kazakhstan, cyane ko ajya gusa n'ayavuzwe na Perezida Vladimir Putin yakunze kuvuga kuri Ukraine, mbere gato y'uko u Burusiya buyigabaho ibitero.
Ubu butumwa bwahise busibwa ndetse Medvedev aza kuvuga ko atari we wanditse ubwo butumwa, ahubwo ari abari bigabije konti ye.
Gusa aya magambo yashimangiye uruhande rugoye rwa Kazakhstan, igomba kubana n'ibihugu byo mu Burengerazuba bw'Isi kuko biyifatiye runini, cyane ko bigura peteroli na gaz byayo, ariko na none ikirinda kubanira nabi u Burusiya ngo hato itazahura n'ibyago Ukraine yahuye na byo, cyane ko hari benshi mu Barusiya bakunze gusaba ko nyuma ya Ukraine, Kazakhstan igomba kuzakurikiraho.
Mu gihe Isi iri kwigabanyamo ibice, Kazakhstan iri gukina umukino ugoye, aho yifuza kubana na bose amahoro, ndetse ikagomba no kwagura amaboko, ikabana n'ibihugu bitari bisanzwe bicudika cyane, urugero rukaba ibyo muri Afurika.
Amahirwe ni uko itari yonyine muri urwo rugamba, cyane ko ibindi bihugu nk'u Rwanda na byo birajwe ishinga no kubana na bose, bikajyana no kwagura umubano n'abandi. Ni bimwe by'ibisa bisabirana, ubwo akarenge kakaba ifuni ibagarira ubucuti.
Amafoto agaragaza ubwiza bwa Astana, Umurwa Mukuru wa Kazakhstan
